Reference
Reference
What a certificate of analysis actually says, what a purity figure does and does not measure, and how to check a laboratory report against the laboratory rather than against the supplier quoting it. This is the material behind everything else on the site.
Most of what is written about research peptides online is about what they are supposed to do. Almost none of it is about how you would know what is in the vial. That second question is the one a supplier can actually answer, so it is the one this section covers.
Analysis
- How to read a certificate of analysis — every field, what is usually missing, and the warning signs.
- What an HPLC purity figure actually measures — and the several things it cannot see.
- Verifying a laboratory report — checking a certificate against the issuing laboratory, field by field.
The material
- Why a peptide is a salt — the counterion, and why it is weight that is not peptide.
- L and D amino acids — handedness, and the one property the standard tests cannot see.
- What mass spectrometry tells you — the field that establishes identity rather than assuming it.
- How peptide drugs get their names — why so many end in -tide, and what the ending tells you.
- How peptides are made — solid-phase synthesis, and why purity is never 100%.
- The twenty amino acids — codes, side-chain classes, and the residues that behave oddly.
- How to read a peptide sequence — direction, notation, and what the symbols around a sequence mean.
- The families of research peptides — the whole range sorted by what things actually are.
- Working out a molecular weight — residue masses and the arithmetic, with worked examples.
- What is a peptide? — amino acids, the peptide bond, synthesis, and where some of the known sequences came from.
- How peptides degrade — the actual chemistry, and which residues are vulnerable.
- Sterility and endotoxin — two things a purity figure says nothing about.
- Peptide storage and handling — why the vial is freeze-dried and what degrades it.
- Peptide glossary — the terms that appear on a certificate, defined plainly.
Longer pieces
- What makes a peptide expensive — the yield arithmetic that explains most of a price list.
- What the milligrams on a vial mean — a 10mg vial does not hold 10mg of peptide, and never did.
- What lyophilisation actually does — the three stages, the cake, collapse, and residual moisture.
- What a peptide blend is — and what a single purity figure can possibly mean for one.
- Bacteriostatic, sterile and water for injection — three identical-looking liquids, and the one ingredient that separates them.
- Retatrutide vs tirzepatide vs semaglutide — one, two or three receptors: the three molecules side by side.
- BPC-157 vs TB-500 — stomach and thymus: two unrelated molecules that are always sold together.
- CJC-1295 with DAC vs without — what the albumin hook is, and why “no DAC” is really Mod GRF 1-29.
- Semax vs Selank — same institute, same tail, different parents.
- How to compare peptide suppliers in NZ — price per mg, real certificates, where the stock is, and the red flags.
- Melanotan I vs Melanotan II — a chain and a ring from the same lab, and why only one became a medicine.
- Ipamorelin vs CJC-1295 — two hormones, two receptors, often one vial.
- Peptide or protein? The 40-amino-acid line — where US law draws it, and what moved across it in 2020.
Origins
When each compound in the range was found or designed, by whom and where — set against the milestones of the field, from Fischer naming the peptide bond in 1902 to a triple agonist in 2023. Where the record will not support a year, these pages say a decade, and where it will not support a decade they say so.
- A timeline of peptide discovery — the milestones, and every compound dated, oldest first.
- When was GHK-Cu discovered?
- When was BPC-157 created?
- When was retatrutide created?
The reports we hold
All of them are on one page — certificates of analysis — in full, with the method and the dates. In short:
3 independent laboratory reports, published in full — with the verification key where the issuing laboratory provides one:
- Retatrutide 20 mg — 99.887% purity, task 169705 (open the report)
- GHK-Cu 100 mg — 99.607% purity, task 169704 (open the report)
- MOTS-c 10 mg — 98.8% purity, task PP260804-24
A note on what is not here
Nothing in this section describes what any compound does in a body, and no page here gives guidance on dosing, preparation or use. That is deliberate. We publish analytical results and ship parcels; the person to ask about the rest is a registered prescriber.
